What is kalalah and how does it work in Canada?

Agreed. The brothers and sisters, and the two verses are read the same way everywhere. An estate is kalalah when the deceased leaves no descendant and no ascendant in the male line — Ibn Qudama gives the majority formula, “one who has no child and no parent”, and adds that walid there covers the father and the grandfather. In that situation the siblings inherit, and the Qur’an deals with them in two separate places. Surah an-Nisa 4:12 — “if a man or a woman leaves neither parents nor children but only a brother or a sister … they will each inherit one-sixth, but if they are more than one, they will share one-third of the estate” — is about the uterine siblings only. The Mawsu’a says the point is settled ijma‘an, notes that the exegetes are agreed on it, and cites the reading of Ubayy and Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqas which spells out “a brother or sister from the mother”; Ibn Qudama says the same “by the consensus of the people of knowledge”. Their third is split equally, a brother taking no more than a sister, because they come in through the mother and cannot out-take her own maximum. Surah an-Nisa 4:176, the verse that opens “they ask you [for a ruling] … Allah gives you a ruling regarding those who die without children or parents”, is about the full and consanguine siblings: a half for a lone sister, two-thirds for two or more, and where brothers and sisters come together, twice the share to the male. And the closing conditions are agreed: uterine siblings are shut out by any one of four — a child, a son’s child, the father, or the grandfather — and Ibn Qudama reports “the people of knowledge are agreed on this; we know of none of them who dissented”; full and consanguine siblings are shut out by the father, the son and the son’s son, which the Mawsu’a calls a question “agreed upon among the jurists”. We checked this point; the schools do not differ on it.

Shared evidence: Surah an-Nisa 4:12 (Khattab, The Clear Quran, the default rendering at quran.com) — “And if a man or a woman leaves neither parents nor children but only a brother or a sister [from their mother’s side], they will each inherit one-sixth, but if they are more than one, they [all] will share one-third of the estate” · Surah an-Nisa 4:176 (Khattab, The Clear Quran) — “They ask you [for a ruling, O Prophet]. Say, ‘Allah gives you a ruling regarding those who die without children or parents.’ If a man dies childless and leaves behind a sister, she will inherit one-half of his estate … If this person leaves behind two sisters, they together will inherit two-thirds of the estate. But if the deceased leaves male and female siblings, a male’s share will be equal to that of two females” · Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni, mas’ala 4815 — of Q 4:12, “wa’l-muradu bi-hadhihi al-ayati al-akhu wa’l-ukhtu mina al-ummi, bi-ijma‘i ahli al-‘ilm”; and that uterine siblings drop out before a child, a son’s child, the father or the grandfather, “ajma‘a ‘ala hadha ahlu al-‘ilmi, fa-la na‘lamu ahadan minhum khalafa hadha” · al-Mughni, fasl 4816 — the two usages of the word, and “wa la khilafa fi anna isma al-kalalati yaqa‘u ‘ala al-ikhwati mina al-jihati kulliha”: whichever usage is taken, the name covers the siblings of every kind. Those who require the absence of both child and parent are listed as Zayd, Ibn ‘Abbas … “and the people of Madina, Basra and Kufa” · al-Mawsu’a al-Fiqhiyya al-Kuwaytiyya, “Irth” sec. 44 — the sixth and the third of the mother’s children, male and female alike, “idhi’l-muradu minhu awladu al-ummi ijma‘an”, with the reading “a brother or sister from the mother” · al-Mawsu’a, entry “Hajb” sec. 3 — of the full brother’s exclusion by the father, the son and the son’s son on Q 4:176: “wa hadhihi al-mas’alatu mujma‘un ‘alayha bayna al-fuqaha’” · al-Mawsu’a, “Irth” sec. 42 — the half and the two-thirds of the full sisters, on Q 4:176, the verse being about the full and consanguine sisters while the uterine sisters are dealt with “fi ayati al-kalalati awa’ila al-sura” · al-Mawsu’a, entry “Kalala” — the two usages set out, with the report that the Prophet, asked about kalalah, answered “one who dies having neither child nor parent”, and al-Raghib’s “kila al-qawlayni sahih” — both usages are sound.

Not covered by this finding: the case where a grandfather survives in place of the father. Whether the estate is then still kalalah at all, so that full and consanguine siblings inherit, is the one place where the four schools genuinely divide — Abu Hanifa says the grandfather is a walid and the siblings take nothing, the other three schools let them inherit alongside him. That is researched separately and is not settled here. Also outside this entry: the mushtaraka configuration, where the schools divide over whether full brothers share the uterine siblings’ third; and how a sister’s share is worked out beside a grandfather, on which the Mawsu’a records a Maliki and Hanbali refinement — not yet researched school by school. Treat that as open and ask a scholar of your school.