Beneficiaries can compel an accounting. If the executor still will not act, the court can order a passing of accounts and ultimately remove and replace them.
The Canadian position
Beneficiaries have a right to information about the estate and to an accounting of receipts, disbursements and compensation. A passing of accounts brings the executor before the court.
Removal is available where an executor is not acting, is in conflict, or has mismanaged assets — though courts are reluctant to remove a testator's chosen trustee without good reason.
The Islamic position
The wasi holds the estate as an amanah and is answerable for it. Withholding heirs' vested shares without cause is a breach of that trust.
Where the four schools differ
This question turns on one issue in our madhhab register: Who may be appointed wasi (executor and guardian) — what does a person have to be, for a Muslim’s appointment of them as wasi to hold good?
| School | Position |
|---|---|
| MalikiShafi’iHanbali | They are conditions of validity. The wasi must be of age and of sound mind, Muslim, and of established integrity (‘adala — in the Maliki formulation, trustworthiness and the competent handling of a child’s property). An appointment that fails one of these does not take effect at all: a Muslim cannot validly appoint a non-Muslim over his children or his estate, and Ibn Qudama records Malik and al-Shafi’i, with one of the two reports from Ahmad, as holding the same of a person of doubtful integrity. The Shafi’i list adds that the wasi be free, not an enemy of the person in his charge, and not of unknown character; a blind man may serve. The Maliki school adds that a wasi who later loses a qualification — who apostatises, or becomes incapable — is removed. Sources: al-Fiqh ‘ala al-Madhahib al-Arba‘a, vol. 3, “Mabhath al-wasi al-mukhtar” (the chosen executor), school by school (‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jaziri (d. 1360 AH)) · al-Mughni, Kitab al-Wasaya, fasl 4773: “fi man tasihhu’l-wasiyyatu ilayhi wa man la tasihh” (who may be appointed wasi) (Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi (d. 620 AH)) — each school’s list of conditions set out separately in al-Jaziri, and Malik, al-Shafi’i and Ahmad separately named in al-Mughni on the person of doubtful integrity. |
| Hanafi | The appointment stands; the judge fixes it. Where the person named is a minor, a non-Muslim, or of doubtful integrity, the appointment is valid and anything he does before he is removed takes effect — but the judge must replace him with someone qualified, substituting a Muslim for a non-Muslim, and removing a person of doubtful integrity only where he is actually suspected with the money. A wasi who meets every condition may not be removed by the judge at all, because he stands in the place of the deceased who chose him. Ibn Qudama states that a Muslim’s appointment of a non-Muslim is invalid with no disagreement he knows of; al-Jaziri records this Hanafi rule expressly, so the attribution of unanimity is not one we can pass on. Sources: al-Fiqh ‘ala al-Madhahib al-Arba‘a, vol. 3, “Mabhath al-wasi al-mukhtar” (the chosen executor), school by school (‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jaziri (d. 1360 AH)) · al-Mughni, Kitab al-Wasaya, fasl 4773: “fi man tasihhu’l-wasiyyatu ilayhi wa man la tasihh” (who may be appointed wasi) (Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi (d. 620 AH)) — the Hanafi conditions, and the valid-but-removable structure, set out in al-Jaziri; Abu Hanifa separately named in al-Mughni on the person of doubtful integrity. |
Researched positions from our madhhab register — issue wasi-appointment, reviewed 2026-08-19.
For a Canadian Muslim the practical bite of this is narrow but real. Naming a non-Muslim executor — a trust company, a professional trustee, a spouse who has not converted — is a live question, and three of the four schools treat such an appointment as ineffective in itself. That is a fiqh conclusion, not an Ontario one: provincial law will appoint whoever the will names. Families who care about the point usually solve it by naming a qualified person and letting them retain professional help, which no school objects to.
Full positions, evidence and history: Who may be appointed wasi (executor and guardian) — the issue page.
What to do about it
- Write to the executor requesting an inventory and a timeline.
- If nothing follows, have a lawyer send a formal demand.
- Apply to compel a passing of accounts if there is still no response.
- Consider mediation before litigation — estate costs come out of the estate.
This is legal information only. For advice on your own circumstances, speak to a lawyer.
Citations & sources
Every factual claim on this page traces to a source below. Details change — check the original source before relying on any figure, fee or legal position. Anything under “further reading” is related material, not a source for what is stated here.
- Succession Law Reform Act, RSO 1990, c S.26 — Government of Ontario
- Administering estates — Government of Ontario
- Apply for probate of an estate — Government of Ontario
- Estate Administration Tax — Government of Ontario
- Estates Act, RSO 1990, c E.21 — Government of Ontario
- Canadian Legal Information Institute — CanLII
- Informal accounting vs formal passing of accounts ontario — Treadstone Law
- Passing of accounts timeline how long ontario — Treadstone Law
- Compelling formal passing of accounts ontario — Treadstone Law
- Informal vs formal passing of accounts ontario — Treadstone Law
- Wills & estates practice — Treadstone Law